Pulmonary interstitial lung disease (ILD) refers to a group of more than 200 conditions that affect the interstitium, the tissue and space surrounding the air sacs in the lungs. These conditions can cause inflammation, thickening, and scarring, also known as fibrosis, within the lung tissue.

As scar tissue develops, the lungs may become stiffer and less able to expand fully. This can make breathing more difficult and reduce the lungs’ ability to transfer oxygen into the bloodstream. Some forms of ILD remain stable for long periods, while others may gradually worsen and lead to pulmonary fibrosis.

ILD may develop as a result of:

• Certain medications (such as nitrofurantoin, sulfonamides, bleomycin, amiodarone, methotrexate, gold, infliximab, and etanercept) or radiation treatments
• Autoimmune diseases such as lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, sarcoidosis, and scleroderma
• Long-term exposure to dust, mold, chemicals, or other environmental substances
• Occupational exposure to materials such as asbestos, silica, or coal dust
• Previous infections
• Inherited conditions

In some cases, the cause cannot be identified. This is known as idiopathic interstitial lung disease. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is one of the most recognized forms and causes progressive scarring of the lungs.

Although existing scar tissue cannot always be reversed, early diagnosis and treatment may help reduce inflammation, slow disease progression, relieve symptoms, and preserve lung function. At Deborah Heart and Lung Center, our pulmonary specialists work closely with each patient to identify the underlying cause whenever possible and develop an individualized treatment plan.

Signs & Symptoms

Symptoms of pulmonary interstitial lung disease often develop gradually and may initially be mistaken for aging, lack of physical conditioning, asthma, COPD, or a heart condition. Because many symptoms overlap with other respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, a thorough evaluation is important. Common signs and symptoms include:

• Shortness of breath, especially during physical activity
• A persistent dry cough
• Fatigue
• Reduced exercise tolerance
• Chest discomfort
• Unexplained weight loss
• Rapid or shallow breathing
• Finger or toenail clubbing, which causes the fingertips to become wider or more rounded
• Crackling sounds in the lungs heard during a physical examination

As ILD progresses, patients may experience shortness of breath during everyday activities or even while resting. Advanced disease can lead to low blood oxygen levels, pulmonary hypertension, respiratory failure, or strain on the right side of the heart.

Diagnosis

Diagnosing pulmonary interstitial lung disease requires a thorough evaluation to determine both the presence of lung scarring and its potential cause. Our specialists use advanced imaging, pulmonary testing, and laboratory studies to accurately diagnose ILD and guide treatment. Your evaluation may include:

• Medical history and physical examination
• Pulmonary function testing
• High-resolution CT (HRCT) scan of the chest
• Chest X-rays
• Blood tests to evaluate for autoimmune diseases and other underlying conditions
• Six-minute walk testing to assess oxygen levels during activity
• Bronchoscopy or lung biopsy when additional information is needed

Once a diagnosis is confirmed, our team works with you to develop a treatment plan that may include medications, pulmonary rehabilitation, supplemental oxygen, lifestyle modifications, or referral for advanced therapies when appropriate.